Gerhard Richter (b. 1932)
FOUR IMPORTANT WORKS BY GERHARD RICHTER Gerhard Richter is widely regarded as the father of post-modern painting, a man who has done much to define the changing course of the medium of over his almost five decades long career. Challenging centuries of painterly tradition, Richter has moved painting beyond its historical past and has turned its focus more towards the visual nature of the image rather than the reference. Throughout his fertile career he has sought to find new ways of painting which seek to redefine the nature of the medium in the modern world. 1968 saw the beginning of a period of radical innovation in which Richter started to develop his post-modern view of painting and over the next three years he would produce some of his most innovative and influential work. Painted in 1969, Stadtbild is one of the earliest examples of this new direction. Viewed from a distance, an almost photographic representation of a seemingly random group of buildings is made up of an assemblage of painterly marks, which begin to blend together to give the impression of a townscape, yet also dissolve to a point of near abstraction. During this period Richter wanted to free himself from the vestiges of his photo-realist paintings that had dominated his career between 1963 and 1967. Stadtbild begins to fulfill these criteria, its emphatic brushstrokes establishing a new concept of the image and its gestural construction. Richter's exploration of the constantly shifting line between abstraction and reality continues with Ausschnitt, a work from 1971 in which the artist takes as his source a small 1-2 square centimeter section of an image of a brushstroke. Richter then reproduces this image onto a larger 2 meter square canvas, painting by hand in the manner of the photo-realist painters, thereby removing them of all of their representational qualities. In their new expanded form, these markings take on a completely abstract persona, containing only the qualities of their own existence, thereby fulfilling Richter's belief that, 'a spot of paint should be a spot of paint, and the motif needn't have a message or allow for interpretation' (Richter, quoted in D. Elger & H.U. Obrist (eds.), Gerhard Richter Text: Writings, Interviews and Letters 1961-2007, London, 2009, p. 53). Much of twentieth century art was dominated by artists, like the Expressionists and Abstract Expressionists, who used the brushstroke as a vehicle for articulating their anger and angst. Richter reverses this process, returning the brushstroke to a cool and detached function unfettered by the need for representation. This is an idea continued by contemporary artists like Glenn Brown who appropriates other artist's work in order to relieve himself of the constriction of representation. With Ausschnitt Richter reinterprets its conventional purpose and imbues the simple physical act with a whole new world of aesthetic possibilities. This work was produced at the same time as the American photo-realists began producing their unique brand of reproduction and marks a crucial point in Richter's artistic development, a fact demonstrated by the fact that four paintings from this series are in major European museum collections. In 1975, Richter painted an intimate series of portraits of the British artists Gilbert and George. During this period they were at the height of their career producing some of their most conceptually driven works. By painting Gilbert & George with layered images of the two artists in a ghostly, almost ethereal style, Richter brings all three of them together in a uniquely abstract way - two artists, one technique melding together in one hugely atmospheric painting. As a result Richter's depiction of Gilbert and George becomes a meeting of minds between some of the most important conceptual artists of the period. Of the six paintings in this series, two are in major museums - a diptych is in the collection of the Tate Modern in London and another example hangs in the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra. Abstraktes Bild, painted in 1990, marks the pinnacle of Richter's journey into abstraction. This rich, kaleidoscopic and intricately-worked canvas is composed of layer upon layer of translucent colour. Richter's sophisticated method of paint application exerts a high degree of control whilst allowing the physical properties of the paint to reveal themselves in the final image. By allowing gravity to create subtle cascades of paint that trickle down the surface of the canvas, Richter sets up a dramatic tension between the forces of artist and the forces of nature. The resulting diaphanous layers allow the viewer to see directly into the heart of this struggle, the resulting painting depicts a miraculous world of undulating layers of pigment that dispense with all vestiges of representation. The artist's references to freedom and changing the balance between the artist and paint cut to the heart of Abstraktes Bild. The picture is allowed to evolve under his gaze, while he maintains perspective, keeping an emotional distance from the thing, allowing it to develop move by move, mark by mark. In that way Richter's has explained that his paintings have become models of the universe itself, stumbling from spontaneous gesture to spontaneous gesture with only the natural laws of physics allowed to intervene. "Picture-making consists of a multitude of Yes/No decisions, with a Yes to end it all,' Richter has said, 'If I look at it that way, the whole thing starts to become quite natural again - or rather nature-like, alive.' (Richter, quoted in D. Elger & H.U. Obrist (eds.), Gerhard Richter Text: Writings, Interviews and Letters 1961-2007, London, 2009, p. 247). These four paintings mark important milestones in Richter's painterly investigations into abstraction. Together they demonstrate the development of the artist's progress on a journey of discovery and re-invention. Trained as a figurative painter in East Germany before moving to the West, where such techniques were considered largely obsolete, Richter managed to create pictures that both topple the pedestal upon which painting, and indeed the artist, has all too often been placed, creating a revolutionary body of work; yet he has done so in a manner which has allowed to him revel in the essential joy of being a painter, to re-establish his vocation and lend it a new validity and potency by turning it upon itself. THE PROPERTY OF A DISTINGUISHED PRIVATE COLLECTOR
Gerhard Richter (b. 1932)

Abstraktes Bild

Details
Gerhard Richter (b. 1932)
Abstraktes Bild
signed, numbered and dated '721-3 Richter 1990' (on the reverse)
oil on canvas
44 1/8 x 32¼in. (112 x 82cm.)
Painted in 1990
Provenance
Galerie Fred Jahn, Munich.
Private Collection, Dusseldorf.
Anon. sale, Christie's London, 23 June 2005, lot 28.
Acquired at the above sale by the present owner.
Literature
B. Buchloh (ed.), Gerhard Richter, Werkübersicht/Catalogue Raisonné 1962-1993, vol. III, Ostfildern-Ruit 1993, no. 721-3 (illustrated in colour, unpaged).

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Lot Essay

With its rich palimpsest of cascading colour and intense thickness of paint which adds an almost fossilised surface to the overall composition, Abstraktes Bild is an outstanding example of Gerhard Richter's art. Having adopted many different approaches to the canvas over a fifty year career as part of a broader strategy of painterly investigation, it is widely acknowledged that his best period of pure abstraction was around the time of this painting, 1990. For it is at this moment, after a twenty year examination, that he has truly come to grips with his own unique abstract language and in particular the use of the 'squeegee', a kind of draught excluder which substituted the paint brush as the tool of choice for the application of paint. Richter's own self-confessed enjoyment in painting these works is clear to see in Abstraktes Bild: as we cast our eyes across the intricately worked, kaleidoscopic surface of this painting, we become aware of myriad tiny details, electric flickers of colour that emerge from the dragged and mixed blue which dominates so much of it. Apertures within that blue allow us to see the various strata that comprise this painting, the almost photographic soft areas here, the jostling bursts of colour there, the paint dragged in a different direction in yet another spot. This creates an engaging totality, a picture that absorbs the viewer in its many details, not least because of the incredible temptation to decode and analyse the various movements and techniques on behalf of the artist that came to result in this tapestry-like wealth of colour.

Although he began to work with pure abstraction in the 1970s, it was only during the 1980s that he really focused and explored a myriad of techniques and ideas and towards the end of that decade that he truly began to use his legendary squeegees to such the dominant effect so remarkable in Abstraktes Bild. This tool would be as wide as the canvas and would be loaded with paint and systematically dragged across, or as in this case, down the painting. This sounds simple enough, but the skill and understanding of the medium of paint and the way that colours and layers interact requires complete mastery to know how, where and when to apply: how much time to allow each layer to dry to create the desired effect on the next, how to create the elusive transparency to create the pictorial effect. Here one can see this
gorgeous luminescence and gravity, as the paint is dragged down the surface in such a way that it fleetingly resembles either the horizontal rippling of a pond, as here, or the vertical torrent of some kind of cascade. The incandescent reds that articulate so much of the upper half and the intricate effects in the lower third, where gaps in the topmost surface allow the viewer to see another layer of paint dragged in a vertical direction, mean that the blue striations created by the squeegee heighten the firework-like effect of these dashes and glimpses of often intense colour.


'For Richter, the squeegee is the most important implement for integrating coincidence into his art. For years, he used it sparingly, but he came to appreciate how the structure of paint applied with a squeegee can never be completely controlled. It thus introduces a moment of surprise that often enables him to extricate himself from a creative dead-end, destroying a prior, unsatisfactory effort and opening the door to a fresh start. "It is a good technique for switching off thinking," Richter has said. "Consciously, I can't calculate. But subconsciously, I can sense it. This is a nice 'between' state".

(D. Elger, Gerhard Richter: A Life in Painting, trans. E.M. Solaro, Chicago & London 2009, p. 251).

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