Lot Essay
Ce qu’on appelle généralement « photogramme » ou rayographie (pour Man Ray) est un procédé qui consiste à poser directement sur du papier sensible des objets et à les exposer à la lumière pendant quelques secondes. En développant ensuite normalement le papier, on obtient leur empreinte, en valeurs inversées. Man Ray réalise ses premières rayographies à la fin de l’année 1921. Il raconta qu’il avait découvert ce procédé par hasard en développant des photographies de mode pour Paul Poiret. Mais tout laisse supposer qu’il s’inspira plutôt des recherches de Christian Schad pour créer un nouveau mode d’expression. Ce dernier faisait partie du groupe dada de Zürich et réalisa sur le même principe ce qu’il nomma des « schadographies ». Celles-ci étaient réalisées à la lumière du jour sur du papier à noircissement direct, peu sensible. Man Ray perfectionna la technique en travaillant en chambre noire : ce n’est donc qu’après avoir été développée et fixée que la rayographie pouvait être observée. La principale raison de ce choix résidait dans la possibilité de modifier l’intensité et la direction de la lumière. Man Ray utilisait toutes sortes d’objets en trois dimensions. Ici ils ne sont pas reconnaissables : il peut s’agir de papiers froissés et déchirés, d’épaisseur plus ou moins importante. Il s’agit d’une composition abstraite, organisée avec des éléments non réfléchissants et assez plats, puisqu’il n’y a pas de reflet ni d’ombre portée. Les valeurs différentes de gris s’opposent au noir profond, permettant de faire flotter ces formes « informes » dans un espace irréel, sortes de « champs magnétiques » visuels, ou de « photographie de la pensée » comme dirait Breton. Véritable écriture sur le papier sensible, les rayographies sont en effet l’équivalent de l’écriture automatique du chef du mouvement surréaliste : Man Ray peignait avec la lumière, réalisant ainsi une pièce unique, élevant définitivement la photographie au rang d’art.
En 1929, Man Ray est le principal photographe surréaliste depuis plus de cinq ans, et quasiment le seul. Jacques-André Boiffard est son assistant depuis 1924 - cette œuvre provient d’ailleurs de sa collection. Les rayographies de cette époque sont donc considérées comme les premières photographies surréalistes.
What is generally called “photogram” or rayograph (for Man Ray) is a process that consists of placing objects directly on sensitised paper and exposing them to light for a few seconds. Then, by developing the paper normally, an imprint is obtained, in inverted values. Man Ray created his first rayographs at the end of 1921. He explained that he had discovered this process by happenstance while developing fashion photographs for Paul Poiret. But everything suggests that he actually drew his inspiration from Christian Schad's research to create a new means of expression. Part of the Dada group in Zürich, Schad created on the same principle what he called “Schadographs”. These were taken in the light of day on direct blackening paper, not very sensitive.
Man Ray perfected the technique by working in a darkroom, so it was only after it had been developed and fixed that the rayograph could be observed. The main reason for this choice was the possibility of changing the intensity and direction of the light, using all kinds of three-dimensional objects. Here they are not recognizable: they could be crumpled and torn papers, of varying thickness. It is an abstract composition, organized with non-reflective and rather flat elements, since there is no reflection or drop shadow. The different values of grey stand in contrast to deep black, allowing these “shapeless” forms to float in an unreal space, a sort of visual “magnetic field”, or “photograph of thought” as Breton called them. Actual writing on sensitive paper, rayographs are in fact the equivalent of the automatic writing performed by the leader of the Surrealist movement: Man Ray painted with light, thus creating a unique piece, definitively elevating photography to the rank of art for good.
In 1929, Man Ray was the main surrealist photographer for more than five years, and almost the only one. Jacques-André Boiffard had been his assistant since 1924 - this work was in fact part of his collection. Rayographs from this period are therefore considered to be the very first Surrealist photographs.
En 1929, Man Ray est le principal photographe surréaliste depuis plus de cinq ans, et quasiment le seul. Jacques-André Boiffard est son assistant depuis 1924 - cette œuvre provient d’ailleurs de sa collection. Les rayographies de cette époque sont donc considérées comme les premières photographies surréalistes.
What is generally called “photogram” or rayograph (for Man Ray) is a process that consists of placing objects directly on sensitised paper and exposing them to light for a few seconds. Then, by developing the paper normally, an imprint is obtained, in inverted values. Man Ray created his first rayographs at the end of 1921. He explained that he had discovered this process by happenstance while developing fashion photographs for Paul Poiret. But everything suggests that he actually drew his inspiration from Christian Schad's research to create a new means of expression. Part of the Dada group in Zürich, Schad created on the same principle what he called “Schadographs”. These were taken in the light of day on direct blackening paper, not very sensitive.
Man Ray perfected the technique by working in a darkroom, so it was only after it had been developed and fixed that the rayograph could be observed. The main reason for this choice was the possibility of changing the intensity and direction of the light, using all kinds of three-dimensional objects. Here they are not recognizable: they could be crumpled and torn papers, of varying thickness. It is an abstract composition, organized with non-reflective and rather flat elements, since there is no reflection or drop shadow. The different values of grey stand in contrast to deep black, allowing these “shapeless” forms to float in an unreal space, a sort of visual “magnetic field”, or “photograph of thought” as Breton called them. Actual writing on sensitive paper, rayographs are in fact the equivalent of the automatic writing performed by the leader of the Surrealist movement: Man Ray painted with light, thus creating a unique piece, definitively elevating photography to the rank of art for good.
In 1929, Man Ray was the main surrealist photographer for more than five years, and almost the only one. Jacques-André Boiffard had been his assistant since 1924 - this work was in fact part of his collection. Rayographs from this period are therefore considered to be the very first Surrealist photographs.