YOSHITOMO NARA
奈良美智

Yellow in Blue

細節
奈良美智
Yellow in Blue
壓克力 畫布
1994年作
簽名︰Yoshitomo Nara

來源
日本 東京 SCAI the Bathhouse
2007年11月14日 佳士得紐約 編號422
現藏者購自上述拍賣

展覽
1996年7月-9月「15週年展覽-Hiniku na Fantasy」宮城縣美術館 仙台 日本

出版
1996年《15週年展覽-Hiniku na Fantas》宮城縣美術館 仙台 日本 (圖版,第33圖,第62頁)
2002年《奈良美智—催眠超市》 Institut fur Moderne Kunst Nurnberg/ Michael Zink 畫廊 慕尼黑 德國 (圖版,第26及190頁)
2006年《In the Deepest Puddle》角川書店 東京 日本 (圖版,無頁數)


奈良美智作品的美,脆弱敏感得令人心痛,這些圖像化的私人日記誠實披露了他的過去,卻又故意隱藏起一些部份,挑釁著我們作為旁觀者的偷窺慾,急於解讀這位藝術家背後的秘密。引用抽象表現主義大師菲利蒲古斯頓(Philip Guston)的話:「繪畫是幻象,是一道魔法,因此你所見的並不是你所見的。我不懂一幅畫是甚麼,連繪畫的動機從何而來也恐怕無人知曉?它們可能來自事物、想法、回憶、感覺,但都和繪畫本身沒有直接關係。它們可以來自任何事物、任何地方。」我們在奈良美智的作品中,也許亦能追溯到類似的藝術單純性,他在潛意識於其少年回憶中召喚出一種天真無邪卻帶侵略性的孩子性格,透過生動活潑、詭異多端的娃娃人物順理成章地浮現出來,令人聯想到古斯頓作品中那質樸而玩世不恭的精神,兩位藝術家皆擅於利用此類卡通角色來敘述沉重的主題。

奈良美智深入探索潛意識,畫中滲滿了他生於這世代的強烈內心掙扎,近似於德國表現主義對現實的主觀描寫。他於1988年離開日本到德國杜塞爾多夫國家美術學院研習,或許受到了當地藝術風格的啟蒙。《Harmlos (Innocence)》(Lot 1043)是他在德國接受學院訓練時期的作品,薄塗的色彩交融混合,配置精妙,背景似被不小心濺出的顏料弄污、糊掉了,然而那環環相扣的色層也在視覺上傳遞出景深和豐厚感,好比馬克羅斯科(Mark Rothko)的色彩構圖。他又將幾片方形色紙貼上畫布,低調地以幾何圖案對構圖加以修飾,為此無拘無束的塗鴉式作品增添一點量感。流動的空間和俐落的筆觸給人直截了當的感覺,貼近街頭塗鴉的美學情感。理論上,「拼貼」的使用不但切合所選媒材之性質及作畫方法,更形而上地傳遞出「融合」的意識,跟街頭畫隨意混色、無邊無界的原始圖像語言一脈相承。看來無甚規劃的色塊與難以理解的構圖純粹出於愛好,描寫出來的幻像之單純可媲美塗鴉畫家尚‧米榭‧巴斯奇亞(Jean-Michel Basquiat)。奈良美智亦在畫中注入了一些有趣的暗示,且彼此毫無連貫性,塑造出更脫離現實的街頭畫感覺。右上方題了標籤性的「Harmlos」(無害)一字,或許是要使我們於這圖像謎題中更感迷失,或許是在高聲宣告:那外表可怕的鬼魂和飄浮空中的匕首根本「無害」,它們是不會傷害你的。

《Harmlos (Innocence)》與《Yellow in Blue》(Lot 1041 )的憤怒不算明顯,所含情緒也較曖昧,相比之下,奈良美智的新近作品《Angry Boy Blue》(Lot 1042)更明確地表達出人物的挫敗感,直接以平坦的色面與清晰的輪廓線,準確地傳達畫中主角的稚嫩神態。一般觀眾或許會對那孩子難以捉摸的脾性感到手足無措,不明白就看看那直率的標題好了。奈良美智近年傾向縮減細節,畫面意象也愈來愈抽離,不再借用任何敘事內容或背景來陳述他在德國時對於自己童年內向、與人疏離的複雜情緒之回憶。他利用搶眼的平面形體,藉由圓形話框的重覆形狀與圓圓的大臉蛋與作幾何呼應,所營造出的美感簡單直接,好比浮世繪木刻版畫的製作及印刷。他替此傳統工藝兼社會渠道注入新生命,亦於他喜愛的龐克音樂次文化中發現到相似的概念,將之與普普藝術大量生產的商業模式融合起來。奈良美智身為九十年代日本新普普藝術運動最具影響力的成員之一,其筆下一臉怒氣的可愛臉孔經已跨出藝術界,得到廣泛認同,不僅躍身成為大受歡迎的公眾人物,更藉著T-恤、手錶等商品深入民心,還登上了日本當代作家吉本芭娜娜的小說封面。奈良美智的標誌人物已是日本文化藝術當中「可愛派」的重要一員,而事實上它卻包含了好些並不可愛的層面,那是一種社會性、心理方面的象徵法,藉著可愛來隱藏起日本僵化的體制與過度著重操控的社會風氣。角色裡所含的世界性巨大感染力使它廣受膜拜,正如奈良美智肖像畫的簡約魅力令藝術界為之傾倒。為甚麼哈囉吉蒂(Hello Kitty)被設計成沒有嘴巴呢?因這樣觀眾便可更輕易把自己的主觀感情投射在角色身上,同樣原理,奈良美智要借這些人物喚醒我們每一個人深藏在內的反叛,通過回復孩子的面貌,我們便得到理解和寬恕。有見這名日本藝術家於藝術和普及文化界影響深遠,亞洲社會藝術館(Asia Society Museum)更史無前例地為單一現代藝術家舉辦全館展覽,這是奈良美智首次於紐約舉行大型展覽,內容將圍繞三個主要重複性主題,《Angry Boy Blue》屬於「反叛」(Rebellion)的主題,其餘兩個主題分別為「孤立」(Isolation)和「音樂」(Music)。

在奈良美智的作品中,拿過去、現在與未來作對話的意圖是相當清晰的。他套用了類似傳統東方繪畫的法則,結合詩、字與畫,有意識地在畫中佈下詩意,以豐富整體的美,而話框內容卻空無一物,筆下人物於平和的淡藍色層中更顯孤立。空間是開放的,觀眾可隨意主觀演繹。明白到語言有很強的支配性,他就刻意縮減言辭,純粹以影像傳導原始情緒。比例誇張的頭兒被畫布的邊框約束住了,不耐煩得皺起眉頭,無力地發出憤怒,而空白的話框氣球則是孩子垂頭喪氣的圖像化象徵,這是漫畫中常見的表現方式。簡單的構圖計劃精密,大大小小、隨機佈下的空白話框可能在訴說著這名孤獨孩子的無人可溝通、無人能明白,感到愈來愈苦惱,又或是要表達一種無法適應環境的情緒,感覺非筆墨所能形容。然而這名被困畫框的孩子臉上流露著蔑視的神情,似要極力宣示自己的存在。

由1991年至今,奈良美智作品的主人翁都是孤獨的,眼睛在沉默的狂怒中翹起,相對於小小的身軀,頭部脹得不成比例,這是動畫中用以表達憤怒、忍無可忍、快要爆發的典型。《Yellow in Blue》概括了所有這些奈良美智式的人物特徵,打扮可愛的孩子緊握拳頭、噘起小咀、睜開耳朵、帶著懷疑的目光有所要求地站在那裡,準備向外界進行反擊。奈良美智細緻處理背景的粉藍色調,使色調呈現深深淺淺的變化層次,與女孩裙子的黃色色調形成強烈對比,小心掃上胭脂的雙頰含著一泡不耐煩,無聲地吶喊著,要求受到注意。我們知道奈良美智在思想方面深受七十年代龐克與搖滾音樂的影響,因此不難留意到其美學發展中縮減細節以引導觀眾集中注意孤獨主體的做法,實為一種明顯的藝術比喻,代表著龐克搖滾中反叛、思想自由與個人主義的意識形態,畫中孩子的脾性就是搖滾巨星的精神。

在奈良美智的想像世界中,情緒往往是曖昧不明的,而透過簡單的圖解式人物佈局,卻道出了大量普遍性的社會狀況,容許觀眾憑直覺對號入座,連繫到自己的個人經歷。大眾十分容易接觸到,也認得他的畫作,使他成為現代流行文化的一個重要部份。這些親切的畫面,一方面於東方繪畫的簡約和詩意特質中取得平衡,另一方面套用了普普藝術對人格解體之回應。奈良美智純熟地讓其所創造的兒童人物游走於個人主觀性和集體意識之間,發展多向,觀眾層面廣泛,不禁令人為之驚嘆。
來源
SCAI the Bathhouse, Tokyo, Japan
Christie's New York, 14 November 2007, Lot 422
Acquired from the above by the present owner
出版
The Miyagi Museum of Art, 15th Anniversary Exhibition: Hiniku na Fantasy, exh.cat., Sendai, Japan 1996 (illustrated, plate 33, p. 62).
Institut fur Moderne Kunst Nurnberg Michael Zink Gallery, Yoshitomo Nara Lullaby Supermarket, Munich, Germany, 2002 (illustrated, pp. 26 & 190).
Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co., Ltd., In the Deepest Puddle, Tokyo, Japan, 2006 (illustrated twice, both unpaged).
展覽
Sendai, Japan, The Miyagi Museum of Art, 15th Anniversary Exhibition: Hiniku na Fantasy, July-September 1996.

拍品專文

Nara's aesthetic is painfully delicate and tender resembling a pictorial personal diary, truthfully disclosing yet hiding traces of his past, alluring our peeking interest as a viewer in decoding his personal secrets. Philip Guston once quoted "Painting is an illusion, a piece of magic, so what you see is not what you see. I don't know what a painting is; who knows what sets off even the desire to paint? It might be things, thoughts, a memory, sensations, which have nothing to do directly with painting itself. They can come from anything and anywhere"; perhaps tracing similar purity in artistic conception, Nara unconsciously conjures images of children in innocent aggression stringed from his personal adolescence resembling Guston's primitive and playful spirit that naturally seep through in animated, anthropomorphic forms (Fig. 1); both the artists' handle heavy narratives in surprising buoyancy with cartoon-like figures.

Depth of the unconsciousness is explored and the intensity of inner quarrel towards the modern world is penetrated in Nara's paintings share similar qualities to German Expressionism's subjective depiction of reality, a movement that may have inspired Nara when he left Japan to study in National Art Academy in Dusseldorf in 1988. Created during his academic training in Germany, Harmlos (Innocence) (Lot 1043) is maneuvered in thinned penetration of paints. The background is disturbed with seemingly careless splatters and smears but the intimately layered colors impresses an illusion depth, richness and drama of Mark Rothko (Fig. 2), polished with subtle geometrical composition with areas of color paper adhered to bring pictorial weight down to the otherwise carefree drawing. The fluidity of the space and swift brushworks convey a sense of immediacy, an aesthetic sensibility comparable to graffiti. Theoretically apt with the medium and method Nara selected, the technique of 'collage' metaphorically delivers the ideologies of fusion, supplementing to the free-mixing and boundless and primitive pictorial language of the streets; the raw virtuoso of the seemingly unplanned color patches and incomprehensible composition that portray innocent illusions similar to Jean-Michel Basquiat (Fig. 3). Nara too instills humorous imageries incoherent with each other, crafting further the dream-like street quality to his works with his 'tagging' inscription of 'Harmlos' (Harmless) to maybe assure us of our perplexity of this graphic puzzle, or to allegedly inform us that the haunting image of the ghost and its flying dagger is simply just 'harmless'.

Harmlos (Innocence) and Yellow in Blue (Lot 1041) were subtle in its provocation and mysterious in emotional variety but his recent work Angry Blue Boy (Lot 1042) is no longer indecisive in commanding frustration and is rather direct with its flat planes of colors and sharp outlines to visibly express an infantile emotion and bluntly answer viewer's usual uncertainty on the temperament of the child, together with its didactic title. As Nara's creations progressed, his paintings exhibited more reductive qualities, where imageries became more isolated without narrative context or background to reveal introverted and complex emotional experiences of alienation he felt in Germany to his childhood. Nara utilized bold and flat projection of form with repetitive contouring of circular silhouettes of oversized head and speech bubbles, an overall aesthetic endeavor that is similar to the simple and direct qualities of wood carving and printing of Ukiyo-e woodblock prints (Fig. 4). Nara revitalized this traditional technique and social channel and found a conceptual likeness to his interest in sub culture of Punk music blended with Pop Art's commerciality of mass production. Affiliated with Japan's Neo-Pop Art movement in the 1990s as one of the most influential artist, Nara's sweet often menacing children have now become a cult in itself, recognized by many outside of the arts, finding their way into the hearts of the masses as printed characters on T-shirts, watches, and even appearing on the cover of a novel by contemporary Japanese writer- Banana Yoshimoto. Nara's trademark idols have now become part of the kawaii fragment of Japanese culture and art but containing aspects that are not all 'cute' but concealing social and psychological symbolism in response to the rigid system and hyper-controlled society of Japan. Its immense global power and obsession for these kawaii fictional characters elevated into a some sort of a cult, akin to the iconic charm of Nara's painting to the art world; Hello Kitty was designed without a mouth for the viewer to easily relate their subjective mood with the character as to Nara in awakening the deeply rooted rebel in every one of us in an excusable and forgivable facade of children. Recognizing his potential dominance in arts and popular culture, The Asia Society Museum dedicated their entire space for one contemporary artist for the first time in their museum's history, in which Nara's first major New York Exhibition was organized into three major recurring themes; Angry Blue Boy was represented under Rebellion among Isolation and Music.

Nara's endeavor to dialogue between the past, present and future is clear as he recites similar principles as traditional oriental paintings in combining poetry, calligraphy and image (Fig. 5) to enrich the overall aesthetic by consciously rendering traces of poetry, shaping speech bubbles void of narrative context to further isolate his figures within the flat and muted layers of pale blue and yet open his paintings for a subjective interpretation. Noting the dictating qualities of language, Nara intentionally eliminated words to communicate raw emotions solely through images; the oversized head strapped within the canvas frown impatience and impotent anger through empty speech balloons that serve as a pictorial symbol of the child's sigh and frustration, a method often expressed in comic books. Nara's premeditated composition of various sizes of these empty speech bubbles in sporadic rhythm may utter increasing aggravation of the child distressed by his solitude with no one to communicate with, or perhaps is intended to articulate an uninhabitable feeling that is indescribable in words; nevertheless the child in his painting is defying against the square frame, eager to demonstrate his existence.

From 1991, his subject matters typically appear in solitude, eyes extended upwards in silent fury, their heads blown up larger than their petite bodies, a feature classically characterized in animation when expressing an irritated, tolerated moment before an angry outburst. Yellow in Blue epitomize all these iconic qualities of Nara; the child is adorned in superficial cuteness as she stands demandingly with tightly gripped hands, pursed lips and skeptical eyes expanding her ears large, ready to retort to the viewer. The nimble, smoothly layered texture of pastel blue strongly contour against the yellow dress of the girl, her cheeks delicately blushed in swallowing her impatience and crying for attention. Taking note of Nara's philosophy that was inspired by Punk and Rock music during the 70s, viewers notice that the aesthetic development of minimizing excess details and advocating for focus on solitary subject matter is a decisive artistic metaphor for the ideologies of punk rock in its rebellion, free thought and individualism; hence, where the child in his canvas tempered with a rock star spirit.

Yoshitomo Nara's imaginative world is typically layered with ambiguous emotions with simple staging of iconographic characters that speak volumes of universal social contexts, allowing the audience to intuitively and individually relate to his subjects, thus the accessibility and recognition of his paintings establishing him as a part of contemporary pop culture itself. With an amiable illustration that balances between minimal and poetic qualities of oriental paintings yet similarly adopting Pop Art's response to depersonalization, Nara fluently marvels between individual subjectivity and mass consciousness by creating childhood themes that maneuver in multiple spheres, appealing to different and widespread viewers.

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