Composition avec bleu, rouge, jaune et noir
细节
PIET MONDRIAN (1872-1944)
Composition avec bleu, rouge, jaune et noir
signé du monogramme 'PM' (en bas à droite)
huile sur toile
79.6 x 49.8 cm. (31 7/8 x 19½ in.)
Peint en 1922; avec baguettes d'origine
Composition avec bleu, rouge, jaune et noir
signé du monogramme 'PM' (en bas à droite)
huile sur toile
79.6 x 49.8 cm. (31 7/8 x 19½ in.)
Peint en 1922; avec baguettes d'origine
来源
Helene Kröller-Müller, Wassenaar (acquis auprès de l'artiste, 1922).
Anton G. Kröller, Hoenderloo (par descendance, 1939).
Collection particulière (par descendance, 1941).
Kunsthandel K.A. Legat-Ehrlich, La Haye.
Jon Nicholas Streep, Amsterdam/New York (acquis auprès de celui-ci, vers 1946).
Nierendorf Gallery, New York.
Leo Castelli, New York (acquis en 1949).
Rose Fried Gallery, New York (acquis en 1955).
Israël Rosen, Baltimore (acquis auprès de celle-ci, 14 mai 1955).
Galerie Beyeler, Bâle (acquis auprès de celle-ci, 1972).
Galerie Tarica, Paris (acquis auprès de celle-ci, vers 1978).
Acquis auprès de celle-ci par Yves Saint Laurent et Pierre Bergé, 1978.
Anton G. Kröller, Hoenderloo (par descendance, 1939).
Collection particulière (par descendance, 1941).
Kunsthandel K.A. Legat-Ehrlich, La Haye.
Jon Nicholas Streep, Amsterdam/New York (acquis auprès de celui-ci, vers 1946).
Nierendorf Gallery, New York.
Leo Castelli, New York (acquis en 1949).
Rose Fried Gallery, New York (acquis en 1955).
Israël Rosen, Baltimore (acquis auprès de celle-ci, 14 mai 1955).
Galerie Beyeler, Bâle (acquis auprès de celle-ci, 1972).
Galerie Tarica, Paris (acquis auprès de celle-ci, vers 1978).
Acquis auprès de celle-ci par Yves Saint Laurent et Pierre Bergé, 1978.
出版
P. Mondrian, Letter to Salomon Bernard Slijper, datée du 5 mai 1922.
P. Mondrian, Letter to Théo van Doesburg, datée du 25 mai 1922.
H.P. Bremmer, Catalogus van de schilderijen-verzameling van Mevrouw H. Kröller-Müller, La Haye, 1925, vol. V, no. 7 (illustré, p. 551; titré 'Compositie').
H.P. Bremmer, Catalogus van de schilderijen-verzameling van Mevrouw H. Kröller-Müller, La Haye, 1928, no. 157 (illustré, p. 855; titré 'Compositie').
M. Seuphor, Piet Mondrian: Life and Work, New York, 1956, p. 427, no. 469 (illustré, p. 385, pl. 33, no. 320; titré 'Composition'; daté 'circa 1922'; dimensions erronées).
Piet Mondriaan, catalogue d'exposition, La Haye, Haags Gemeentemuseum, 1966, no. 103 (illustré sous le numéro 162, p. 162, erronément daté 1921-22).
F. Elgar, Mondrian, New York, 1968, p. 242, no. 111 (illustré, p. 119; titré 'Composition circa'; daté '1922').
M. Butor et M.G. Ottolenghi, Tout l'oeuvre peint de Mondrian, Milan, 1974, p. 110, no. 337 (illustré, p. 109; titré 'Composition'; daté 'circa 1921-22').
"La Passion de l'Art: Yves Saint Laurent", in Du, no. 10, octobre 1986, p. 40 (illustré en couleur à l'envers; daté '1920').
J.M. Joosten, Catalogue Raisonné of the Work of 1911-1944, New York, 1998, vol. II, pp. 189 et 304, no. B142 (illustré).
P. Mondrian, Letter to Théo van Doesburg, datée du 25 mai 1922.
H.P. Bremmer, Catalogus van de schilderijen-verzameling van Mevrouw H. Kröller-Müller, La Haye, 1925, vol. V, no. 7 (illustré, p. 551; titré 'Compositie').
H.P. Bremmer, Catalogus van de schilderijen-verzameling van Mevrouw H. Kröller-Müller, La Haye, 1928, no. 157 (illustré, p. 855; titré 'Compositie').
M. Seuphor, Piet Mondrian: Life and Work, New York, 1956, p. 427, no. 469 (illustré, p. 385, pl. 33, no. 320; titré 'Composition'; daté 'circa 1922'; dimensions erronées).
Piet Mondriaan, catalogue d'exposition, La Haye, Haags Gemeentemuseum, 1966, no. 103 (illustré sous le numéro 162, p. 162, erronément daté 1921-22).
F. Elgar, Mondrian, New York, 1968, p. 242, no. 111 (illustré, p. 119; titré 'Composition circa'; daté '1922').
M. Butor et M.G. Ottolenghi, Tout l'oeuvre peint de Mondrian, Milan, 1974, p. 110, no. 337 (illustré, p. 109; titré 'Composition'; daté 'circa 1921-22').
"La Passion de l'Art: Yves Saint Laurent", in Du, no. 10, octobre 1986, p. 40 (illustré en couleur à l'envers; daté '1920').
J.M. Joosten, Catalogue Raisonné of the Work of 1911-1944, New York, 1998, vol. II, pp. 189 et 304, no. B142 (illustré).
展览
New York, Sidney Janis Gallery, Piet Mondrian: Paintings 1910 Through 1944, octobre-novembre 1949, no. 20 (titré 'Composition').
New York, Rose Fried Gallery, Group, décembre 1952, no. 10.
The Art Gallery of Toronto et Philadelphia Museum of Art, Piet Mondrian, février-mai 1966, p. 184, no. 93 (illustré, p. 185; titré 'Composition'; daté '1921-22').
La Haye, Haags Gemeentemuseum; Washington, D.C., National Gallery of Art et New York, The Museum of Modern Art, Piet Mondrian: 1872-1944, décembre 1994-janvier 1996, p. 208, no. 100 (illustré en couleur).
Paris, Fondation Pierre Bergé Yves Saint Laurent, Yves Saint Laurent, dialogue avec l'art, mars-octobre 2004, p. 17 (illustré en couleur, p. 16).
La Coruna, Fundación Caixa Galica, Yves Saint Laurent: diálogo con el arte, février-mai 2008 (illustré en couleur).
New York, Rose Fried Gallery, Group, décembre 1952, no. 10.
The Art Gallery of Toronto et Philadelphia Museum of Art, Piet Mondrian, février-mai 1966, p. 184, no. 93 (illustré, p. 185; titré 'Composition'; daté '1921-22').
La Haye, Haags Gemeentemuseum; Washington, D.C., National Gallery of Art et New York, The Museum of Modern Art, Piet Mondrian: 1872-1944, décembre 1994-janvier 1996, p. 208, no. 100 (illustré en couleur).
Paris, Fondation Pierre Bergé Yves Saint Laurent, Yves Saint Laurent, dialogue avec l'art, mars-octobre 2004, p. 17 (illustré en couleur, p. 16).
La Coruna, Fundación Caixa Galica, Yves Saint Laurent: diálogo con el arte, février-mai 2008 (illustré en couleur).
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'COMPOSITION WITH BLUE, RED, YELLOW AND BLACK'; SIGNED WITH MONOGRAM LOWER RIGHT; OIL ON CANVAS; IN ARTIST'S FRAME.
The three abstract paintings by Piet Mondrian in the Yves Saint Laurent-Bergé collection each belong to key stages in the artist's work, the genealogy and lineage of which can -- and indeed ought to -- be traced back if we are to grasp their full originality and meaning. For this confirmed evolutionist that was Mondrian -- at least from the moment he discovered Cubism in 1912 -- each painting represented an advance on the preceding work. In less dogmatic terms, we could say that each series of paintings (for he always worked on several canvases at a time) served as a step forward for the artist on the long journey towards what he called "Neo-Plasticism" or "The General Principle of Plastic Equivalence". Each of the three paintings to be considered here figures at different points (at least logical, if not strictly chronological) of the series to which it belongs:
Composition with Grid 2 (see lot 43), 1918 is one of the first in a series of nine modular grid paintings created by Mondrian in 1918-19, at a time when everything was developing so quickly that the artist did not have time to finish the work before graduating onto the next stage.
Composition I (see lot 44), 1920, on the other hand, is one of the last canvases produced as part of his next series, a series whose development testifies to the artist's gradual abandonment of the modular grid format.
Composition with blue, red, yellow and black (see lot 42), 1922 belongs to a small group of highly dynamic paintings, whose imbalance -- or at least tension and instability -- provides a violent contrast to the calmer works of the previous year. These represent Mondrian's first works of a genuinely Neo-Plastic style.
From July 1914, when he left Paris for what was meant to be a summer vacation in Holland, until he returned five years later in June 1919, Mondrian's pictorial style evolved at such an extraordinary pace that it would be impossible to do him justice in the space of a few paragraphs. It is worth, however, looking back briefly at some of the defining milestones:
During his first stay in Paris (1912-1914), Mondrian immediately embraced the Cubism of Picasso and Braque before infusing Symbolism, theosophy, and Neo-Platonic idealism to create his own personal interpretation of the style, thus paving the way shortly after his return to Holland for the abstraction to come. According to Mondrian, the real purpose of Cubism, from which the movement's founders had seemingly recoiled, was to paint the essence of things, to discover the universality behind their "particular appearance". This "universal" structure was the "fundamental opposition" of the vertical and horizontal, to which everything could be distilled by a process that foreshadows the digital representations we have become accustomed to in the computer age. Very soon, however, Mondrian concluded that if the world around us was unified by a common denominator, an underlying grid abstract and conceptual in nature, then one no longer had to use reality as the starting point. Later, upon discovering the Hegelian Dialectic, albeit in a somewhat diluted form, he realised the need to reintroduce tension into his work, an aspect that the reduction process had almost entirely eliminated. Art should achieve an "equilibrium", a sense of "repose" understood as a cipher of universality; this repose must not, however, be offered at the outset but should instead be the result of the dynamic interplay of opposing forces within each painting. The real transition to abstraction from dialectic tension would only come in 1917, after two years of frenzied research. Neither the black and white Composition in Line, nor the two small coloured canvases Composition in Color A and Composition in Color B that flanked the work during its first public appearance featured any reference to nature. From there, things began to accelerate further, coming to a head when Mondrian stumbled across a problem that he would attempt to resolve in the following year with the modular grid composition.
The problem in question, over which the members of the De Stijl group (notably Theo van Doesburg and Vilmos Huszar) also obsessed, related to the unity of the figure and the ground, or rather to their mutual abolition. Abolishing the figure (the "individual") was one of the essential goals of abstraction as Mondrian understood it ("universality" could only be achieved at this price), but this goal becomes impossible the moment a picture surface is perceived as a background (or atmospheric backdrop) which recedes in deference to the image inscribed upon it. Observing that the white surface in Composition in Line and the accompanying paintings was functioning as a passive, optically receding background, Mondrian realised that this was a direct consequence of his use of overlapping planes -- one of the most striking stylistic features of these works. He then created a series of paintings where all traces of overlapping were eliminated and the lateral extension of the composition accentuated to remove any illusion of depth (abruptly interrupted by the edges of the painting, the colored planes in these works seem to be struggling to escape out of the frame). Mondrian also gradually aligned the colored rectangles and, in the last two paintings, he also divided the "background" into rectangles of varying shades of white. Nonetheless, feeling that these colored and non-colored rectangular planes were still too "individual", Mondrian decided to "determine" them -- as he put it -- by circumscribing them with lines in different shades of grey extending over several adjacent planes. Of the three paintings that he produced at this time, at the beginning of 1918, only one remains (formerly Max Bill collection; fig. 1). Which brings us to the start of the modular series and Composition with Grid 2 (lot 43).
Why did he adopt this new method of organizing the pictorial surface? After all, was it not wholly based on the concept of repetition, which the artist had already renounced and rejected from his aesthetic philosophy for two reasons? (The two reasons in questions were: firstly that repetition is a natural phenomenon while art, according to Mondrian, should not imitate nature in any way to be truly abstract; secondly, repetition is integral to "mathematical" thought which he believed to be wholly incompatible with the intuition on which any artistic pursuit should be founded). The answer to this riddle is quite simple when you enter into the mindset of Mondrian at the time. Although he had successfully prevented the colored rectangles from causing the background to recede visually since 1917 (introducing a linear network to stabilise and contain them in the paintings dating from early 1918), Mondrian was concerned about their centrifugal force, which resulted in the detachment of the active figure from the passive background, thus re-establishing the hierarchy he had sought to abolish in preventing the illusion of depth via lateral extension. As he would later say about these paintings, the rectangles still "obtrude themselves". With a modular grid composition, the illusion of depth is removed without needing to resort to the lesser evil of lateral extension.
So what is a modular grid? This is a system where all the units are formed from the same module, the module being of the same proportions as the surface of the very painting it is dividing. There are no possible breaks or holes, no unit that is smaller than a module (and no difference between figure and ground since every plane is a multiple of the basic module). And precisely because the repetition is so prominent and immediately perceivable, one can subtly emphasise the individual character of the rectangular planes to offset the dogmatic absolutism of the modular grid, without the risk of bringing them into the foreground. This may have been Mondrian's intention when he created his first two modular grid compositions, one of which can now be found in the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (fig. 2), and the other in the Saint Laurent collection.
One may well ask why Mondrian decided to begin his series of modular canvases with two rectangular compositions rather than adopting the square format that characterised the five subsequent paintings. This may be related to the greater diversity (and therefore greater tension) allowed by the rectangular form in the proportion of the planes. In the Houston painting, for example, the colored and non-colored rectangles are composed of 1 to 10 modular units, although the number of units is not the only factor to consider. Given the module's rectangular format, the same number of units can result in rectangles of very different proportions. Let's take a rectangle consisting of six modules for example: two vertical columns of three modules arranged side-by-side would form an oblong rectangle whereas two horizontal rows of three modules would create a square.
However, in the example from the Saint Laurent-Bergé collection (as in the subsequent works), Mondrian seems to shy away from the diversity of the above approach. While this piece contains the same number of modular units as the Houston painting (indeed, all the works in this series are divided into 16x16=256 modules), the units are distributed differently. From one canvas to the next, not only does Mondrian incorporate more planes, but he increases the number of similar quadrangles while reducing the number of unique rectangles. The Houston painting, for example, contains 15 different types of rectangle over 66 rectangles (5 of which are unique); Continuing through to the five subsequent paintings (all square, including four so-called lozenge ones, or tableaux losangiques as Mondrian himself nicknamed them), this trend would culminate in the last two modular canvases by Mondrian just before his final departure to Paris in 1919: in these final two works (Composition with Grid 8 and Composition with Grid 9, better known as Composition in Checkerboard with Dark Colors and Composition with Checkerboard with Light Colors), all of the colored planes are identical in size as they only consist of one module each (although adjacent planes are sometimes in the same color, thus creating various sub-configurations).
It is in part this general trend towards greater regularity within this series of modular paintings that allows us to place Composition with Grid 2 after the Houston painting, although the exact date is not known. The "PM 15" inscription written by Mondrian's own hand was added while the artist was preparing for a retrospective exhibition of his work in New York in 1942, when the painter, well-known for his uncompromising honesty, mistakenly backdated several works from his Cubist period or his first forays into abstraction. The "PM 18" inscription that appears on the Houston version, by contrast, does indeed originate from the time it was created. Most likely acquired by its first owner before Mondrian left for Paris, this painting remained in Holland where Mondrian would never set foot again, until it was bought by an American collector during the post-war period. Nonetheless, although we can say with near certainty that Mondrian painted Composition with Grid 2 after the work in Houston, there remain some doubts as to its logical, if not chronological, place in the modular series. If we compare the work to the "lozenge" paintings, which, according to Joop Joosten's timeline in the catalogue of Mondrian's work, were produced immediately afterwards, one cannot help but be struck by the greater resemblance it bears to Composition with Grid 5 (fig. 3) than to the two preceding canvases2. Composition with Grid 3, 4 (fig. 4), and 5 all feature the same opposition between two linear networks, one that is strictly modular and lattice-like and the other that demarcates the planes (both color and non-color) by accentuating certain lines in the first network. However, the difference between accentuated and non-accentuated line, which becomes more marked as we progress from the first to the third "lozenge" painting, is executed in an almost identical manner in Composition with Grid 5 and Composition with Grid 2. Moreover, while Composition with Grid 3 and 4 are strictly linear (without any colored divisions), we can clearly see how the surface is divided into planes of different shades of greys in Composition with Grid 2, strongly resembling the planes of broken colors in Composition with Grid 5.
The final enigma surrounding Composition with Grid 2 relates to a photograph, dated 1919 on the reverse, which shows the painting in an earlier state (fig. 5). Not only does it appear to be unsigned but the work featured several lines in the accentuated grid which were subsequently erased. Furthermore, in a photograph of Mondrian's studio dating from 1926, in which the lower portion of the painting is visible, the work is actually hung in a different orientation (upside down) from that of its final, signed state, a remarkable move for a painter like Mondrian. One can get lost in conjecture trying to understand what prompted Mondrian to turn his painting upside down (the modular division of the painting probably reduced the impact of the alteration, whose application would be unthinkable for any neo-plastic canvas, i.e. works produced after 1920). On the other hand, it is clear that the taut lines which were later removed generated a number of symmetries that the painter had not perhaps noticed initially, these being less obvious when the painting was originally hung with a different orientation. Contrary to Joosten's suggestion, I do not think that this correction (erasure of several marked lines) was made at the same time that Mondrian signed the painting3. On the one hand, the correction involved a reduction in the number of rectangles, which does not coincide with the way Mondrian reworked a number of his paintings (having considered them completed while in Europe) in New York. On the other hand, he gave each of the works in question a double date, which is not the case here.
In fact, the correction, albeit minimal, does not fall in line with the progression towards ever greater regularity that, as mentioned above, characterised the series of modular paintings by Mondrian (the deletion of a line resulted in the expansion of a rectangle from six to eight modular units, formed by the juxtaposition of two vertical columns of modules -- the only one of its type in the painting -- while the photograph taken in 1919 shows this area with two rectangles, one vertical and made up of six units, the other horizontal with two units, two configurations that appear throughout the painting). But although the correction might seem a first like a step backwards, it could actually be indicative of a tentative step towards the next series, to which Composition I (lot 44), 1920, belongs and during which Mondrian would gradually eliminate any dependence on modular regularity.
What motivated this complete change of direction? Was not the modular grid particularly effective, as many artist were to discover throughout the 20th century, in the struggle against compositional hierarchy, against the opposition between figure and background, and the development of an "all over" pictorial surface, all things that Mondrian had aspired to in 1918-19? This about-turn can be explained by several conflicting factors. We are already familiar with the first, since it is what had driven Mondrian to abstraction at the end of his cubist "digitalisation" period: a modular grid does not offer enough tension, providing immediate equilibrium without any dialectic struggle. The second is incidental: all the evidence (particularly the texts written by Mondrian at the time in rejection of temporality and illusionism in painting) indicates that Mondrian had little appreciation for the visual assault -- albeit unintentional -- created by the many overlapping lines in his modular canvases (a very "Op Art" dymanism that he would later utilise in his final New York paintings). The third and most important reason demonstrates how Mondrian, though a poor writer, was nonetheless a great thinker: through his work with modular grids, Mondrian realised that it was not possible to eliminate subjectivity completely, that composition (and a minimal amount of hierarchy) was inevitable and that a release valve had to be provided for it. Moreover, as the figure could not be eliminated by means of a modular grid (since composition necessarily involves a figure), it must be achieved using another method whereby the composition (or figure) is transformed into a weapon against itself. This new system, called Neo-Plasticism, would emerge at the end of 1920 with Composition with Yellow, Red, Black, Blue and Gray, at Stedeljik Museum in Amsterdam. Over the course of that year, Mondrian painted seven canvases in which he gradually abandoned the modular grid. Composition I, 1920, is one of the final pieces in this series.
A comparison between this work and a painting from earlier on in the series provides a clear picture of Mondrian's artistic evolution at this time. Composition C, 1920, at the Museum of Modern Art in New York (fig. 6), is partially governed by a regular grid, but where the modular paintings from 1918-19 exhibit perfect congruity between the modular grid and the picture's format, we see a break here as the area dominated by the module is centered, bordered by narrow rectangles that do not fall under its control. Here, these long rectangles serve as a deregulatory force (while, in a modular canvas, the edges of the painting provide the strongest manifestation of the modular rule, given that the module is itself founded on the format, and therefore the boundaries, of the painting). In the Museum of Modern Art painting, the central grid is composed of nine squares which vary either in color or in the way they are joined or divided. Note that the lower and upper edges of one of the square modules, located in the top left-hand corner, are not marked out but implied. While this could be taken to mean that the force of the module is now so strong that it no longer needs to be delineated, it actually signifies the opposite: that the module's generative role is coming to an end.
In fact, in Composition I, the module has all but disappeared. This painting also features an internal grid, one that is less distinct than the version in the Museum of Modern Art in that the rectangles to the left and right of this internal grid do not differ greatly from those within the grid itself, in contrast to the rectangles stretching horizontally above and below the painting. Within this internal grid, only two horizontal rows of rectangles measure the same height (second row from the top and from the bottom). Moreover, the yellow rectangle in the higher of these two rows is divided into two unequal parts by a line that links it to the adjacent rectangles, also colored in yellow, the whole of which forms a larger rectangle subdivided into five sections. Note that none of the lines in the painting extends fully from one edge to the other, which helps to weaken the rigidity of the linear network while accentuating the vibrancy of the colors used.
The increased emphasis on color was not a coincidence -- it goes hand in hand with the emancipation of the modular form. While painting another work in the same series (Composition III, 1920; Joosten, no. B110), Mondrian received a visit from the painter Léopold Survage who was unconvinced that the painting achieved perfect balance. According to Survage, as Mondrian wrote in a letter to van Doesburg detailing their conversation, "the yellow was not harmonious against the red, etc. And the two small blues at the top had no counterpart in blue plane at the bottom (I tend to think that this, among other things, makes it so off-centered). I then said that we were looking for another harmony... I then saw that a well-balanced proportion does not always require harmonizing colors, and have taken care to write down some things about that"4. A few months later, he added: "I believe that equilibrium can exist with dissonants"5. At the time of writing these words, Mondrian was in the process of creating his first neo-plastic painting (which distinctly reuses the layout of Composition III, but this time without any trace of the module). In this work, Composition with Yellow, Red, Black, Blue and Gray, Mondrian adopts pure, saturated colors (not "harmonised" through the reduced tonal intensity that characterises his seven preceding works, including the painting from the Saint Laurent collection), and he not only "decenters" the painting, but also succeeds in eliminating the centrality of the centre (the figure) without resorting to a modular, all-over structure. The painting features a white square set in the middle (located on the axis of symmetry) which only becomes apparent through close scrutiny, despite its prominent position, since our attention is drawn to the vibrantly colored planes on the periphery.
In the subsequent three years, a period of exceptional productivity for a man who worked with such slow precision, Mondrian executed around forty paintings, approximately one fifth of his total output between this period and his death in 1944. Most of these paintings are underpinned by a number of common rules. For example, no two colored planes should be placed side-by-side and must always be separated by at least one plane of "non-color", to quote the term used by Mondrian, namely black, grey or white. Another rule is that colored planes must always be located on the periphery of the painting. We should also note that most of these paintings employ three basic compositional schemas. In the first schema, the whole composition is based around a square or almost square which the artist attempts to decenter by destroying its identity as a a strong form, as a Gestalt. This schema was adopted in the inaugural painting of 1920 mentioned above, from the Stedelijk Museum (fig. 7), but the best prototype, from which Mondrian would develop several variations, is the Composition with Red, Blue, Black, Yellow and Gray, 1921, in the Gemeente Museum, the Hague; fig. 8). In the second schema, one of the colored planes is much wider than the others and therefore, strictly speaking, no longer on the periphery despite being bounded like the other planes by one edge of the painting (or two when placed in a corner position, such as in Tableau I, 1921 in the Museum Ludwig, Cologne; fig. 9). In the third schema, the composition is organised around two lines -- one horizontal and one vertical -- that cross near the middle and extend to the edges of the painting (when he adopted this schema, Mondrian broke away from the peripheral rule, as in Tableau I, with Red, Black, Blue and Yellow, 1921, in Gemeente Museum, The Hague (fig. 10), perhaps driven by the need to adjoin at least one colored plane to the cross so as to counterbalance it and prevent it from forming a stable figure or to be read as a symbol, which he feared above all else).
What is extraordinary about Composition with Blue, Red, Yellow and Black (lot 42), 1922, then is that it does not belong to any of these subgroups. It was as if Mondrian, after exploring the full potentiality of these three compositional schemas with such apparent jubilation, suddenly decided to throw the rules overboard. Nothing in this work hints at the carefully calculated equilibrium of the other paintings from this period. Other exceptions do exist of course, such as Composition with Blue, Yellow, Black and Red, 1922, in the Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart (fig. 11), and Composition with Yellow, Blue, and Blue-White, 1922, from the Menil Collection in Houston (Joosten, no. B143); however, none of them demonstrate the same audacity as the current work in the Saint Laurent-Bergé collection. The top-heavy arrangement of the composition, the fact that the vertical divisions at the top and bottom of the painting do not correspond to one another and thus create a kind of virtual oblique line, the awkward black line along the right edge of the painting delineating the yellow rectangle, the equally strange thin white band adjoining the red band along the top edge of the painting, and finally the large white rectangle, which is not centrifugal despite opening out to the left: everything about this painting is likely to disconcert anyone familiar with the masterpieces in compositional balance that represent the majority of Mondrian's neo-plastic endeavours before the advent of the double line in 1932 and the radical transformation that ensued. There is something almost Baroque in the virtuosity displayed by Mondrian in this canvas, a work in front of which Van Doesburg could never have written, as he did in his diary after his rupture with his friend and mentor, that neo-plastic paintings were as classical as those of Poussin6.
Once completed, the painting was immediately acquired by Mrs. Kröller-Müller (she bought it unseen, having asked a friend of Mondrian passing through Paris to bring her back a recent canvas of his to Holland). One may well wonder how things might have developed if the painting had remained in the possession of its creator to be contemplated at leisure. I would venture that the revolution that transformed his pictorial philosophy in the 1930s would have happened much earlier.
Notes (English):
1 Piet Mondrian, "Toward the True Vision of Reality" (1941), cited in H. Holtzman and M.S. James, The New Art-The New Life: The Collected Writings of Piet Mondrian, Boston, 1986, p. 339.
2 J.M. Joosten, Piet Mondrian: Catalogue Raisonné of the Work of 1911-1944, New York, 1998, pp. 266-276.
3 J.M. Joosten, op. cit., p. 268.
4 Piet Mondrian, letter dated 15 June 1920 to Théo van Doesburg, cited by E. Hoek in "Piet Mondrian", included in C. Blotkamp, De Stijl: The Formative Years, Cambridge, 1986, p. 63. Hoek wrongly describe the painting cited by Mondrian as Composition II from the Juan March Fundation in Madrid (J.M. Joosten, no. B109), which doesn't correspond to the painting described by the artist, while it looks like the small square size and the colored planes of Composition III.
5 Non-dated letter from Piet Mondrian to Théo van Doesburg, cited in Hoek (op. cit., p. 64), which gives the date September 1920.
6 See article dated 1 November 1930 in "Journal d'idées" by Théo van Doesburg, posthumous publication in De Stijl (January 1932, p. 28).
The three abstract paintings by Piet Mondrian in the Yves Saint Laurent-Bergé collection each belong to key stages in the artist's work, the genealogy and lineage of which can -- and indeed ought to -- be traced back if we are to grasp their full originality and meaning. For this confirmed evolutionist that was Mondrian -- at least from the moment he discovered Cubism in 1912 -- each painting represented an advance on the preceding work. In less dogmatic terms, we could say that each series of paintings (for he always worked on several canvases at a time) served as a step forward for the artist on the long journey towards what he called "Neo-Plasticism" or "The General Principle of Plastic Equivalence". Each of the three paintings to be considered here figures at different points (at least logical, if not strictly chronological) of the series to which it belongs:
Composition with Grid 2 (see lot 43), 1918 is one of the first in a series of nine modular grid paintings created by Mondrian in 1918-19, at a time when everything was developing so quickly that the artist did not have time to finish the work before graduating onto the next stage.
Composition I (see lot 44), 1920, on the other hand, is one of the last canvases produced as part of his next series, a series whose development testifies to the artist's gradual abandonment of the modular grid format.
Composition with blue, red, yellow and black (see lot 42), 1922 belongs to a small group of highly dynamic paintings, whose imbalance -- or at least tension and instability -- provides a violent contrast to the calmer works of the previous year. These represent Mondrian's first works of a genuinely Neo-Plastic style.
From July 1914, when he left Paris for what was meant to be a summer vacation in Holland, until he returned five years later in June 1919, Mondrian's pictorial style evolved at such an extraordinary pace that it would be impossible to do him justice in the space of a few paragraphs. It is worth, however, looking back briefly at some of the defining milestones:
During his first stay in Paris (1912-1914), Mondrian immediately embraced the Cubism of Picasso and Braque before infusing Symbolism, theosophy, and Neo-Platonic idealism to create his own personal interpretation of the style, thus paving the way shortly after his return to Holland for the abstraction to come. According to Mondrian, the real purpose of Cubism, from which the movement's founders had seemingly recoiled, was to paint the essence of things, to discover the universality behind their "particular appearance". This "universal" structure was the "fundamental opposition" of the vertical and horizontal, to which everything could be distilled by a process that foreshadows the digital representations we have become accustomed to in the computer age. Very soon, however, Mondrian concluded that if the world around us was unified by a common denominator, an underlying grid abstract and conceptual in nature, then one no longer had to use reality as the starting point. Later, upon discovering the Hegelian Dialectic, albeit in a somewhat diluted form, he realised the need to reintroduce tension into his work, an aspect that the reduction process had almost entirely eliminated. Art should achieve an "equilibrium", a sense of "repose" understood as a cipher of universality; this repose must not, however, be offered at the outset but should instead be the result of the dynamic interplay of opposing forces within each painting. The real transition to abstraction from dialectic tension would only come in 1917, after two years of frenzied research. Neither the black and white Composition in Line, nor the two small coloured canvases Composition in Color A and Composition in Color B that flanked the work during its first public appearance featured any reference to nature. From there, things began to accelerate further, coming to a head when Mondrian stumbled across a problem that he would attempt to resolve in the following year with the modular grid composition.
The problem in question, over which the members of the De Stijl group (notably Theo van Doesburg and Vilmos Huszar) also obsessed, related to the unity of the figure and the ground, or rather to their mutual abolition. Abolishing the figure (the "individual") was one of the essential goals of abstraction as Mondrian understood it ("universality" could only be achieved at this price), but this goal becomes impossible the moment a picture surface is perceived as a background (or atmospheric backdrop) which recedes in deference to the image inscribed upon it. Observing that the white surface in Composition in Line and the accompanying paintings was functioning as a passive, optically receding background, Mondrian realised that this was a direct consequence of his use of overlapping planes -- one of the most striking stylistic features of these works. He then created a series of paintings where all traces of overlapping were eliminated and the lateral extension of the composition accentuated to remove any illusion of depth (abruptly interrupted by the edges of the painting, the colored planes in these works seem to be struggling to escape out of the frame). Mondrian also gradually aligned the colored rectangles and, in the last two paintings, he also divided the "background" into rectangles of varying shades of white. Nonetheless, feeling that these colored and non-colored rectangular planes were still too "individual", Mondrian decided to "determine" them -- as he put it -- by circumscribing them with lines in different shades of grey extending over several adjacent planes. Of the three paintings that he produced at this time, at the beginning of 1918, only one remains (formerly Max Bill collection; fig. 1). Which brings us to the start of the modular series and Composition with Grid 2 (lot 43).
Why did he adopt this new method of organizing the pictorial surface? After all, was it not wholly based on the concept of repetition, which the artist had already renounced and rejected from his aesthetic philosophy for two reasons? (The two reasons in questions were: firstly that repetition is a natural phenomenon while art, according to Mondrian, should not imitate nature in any way to be truly abstract; secondly, repetition is integral to "mathematical" thought which he believed to be wholly incompatible with the intuition on which any artistic pursuit should be founded). The answer to this riddle is quite simple when you enter into the mindset of Mondrian at the time. Although he had successfully prevented the colored rectangles from causing the background to recede visually since 1917 (introducing a linear network to stabilise and contain them in the paintings dating from early 1918), Mondrian was concerned about their centrifugal force, which resulted in the detachment of the active figure from the passive background, thus re-establishing the hierarchy he had sought to abolish in preventing the illusion of depth via lateral extension. As he would later say about these paintings, the rectangles still "obtrude themselves". With a modular grid composition, the illusion of depth is removed without needing to resort to the lesser evil of lateral extension.
So what is a modular grid? This is a system where all the units are formed from the same module, the module being of the same proportions as the surface of the very painting it is dividing. There are no possible breaks or holes, no unit that is smaller than a module (and no difference between figure and ground since every plane is a multiple of the basic module). And precisely because the repetition is so prominent and immediately perceivable, one can subtly emphasise the individual character of the rectangular planes to offset the dogmatic absolutism of the modular grid, without the risk of bringing them into the foreground. This may have been Mondrian's intention when he created his first two modular grid compositions, one of which can now be found in the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (fig. 2), and the other in the Saint Laurent collection.
One may well ask why Mondrian decided to begin his series of modular canvases with two rectangular compositions rather than adopting the square format that characterised the five subsequent paintings. This may be related to the greater diversity (and therefore greater tension) allowed by the rectangular form in the proportion of the planes. In the Houston painting, for example, the colored and non-colored rectangles are composed of 1 to 10 modular units, although the number of units is not the only factor to consider. Given the module's rectangular format, the same number of units can result in rectangles of very different proportions. Let's take a rectangle consisting of six modules for example: two vertical columns of three modules arranged side-by-side would form an oblong rectangle whereas two horizontal rows of three modules would create a square.
However, in the example from the Saint Laurent-Bergé collection (as in the subsequent works), Mondrian seems to shy away from the diversity of the above approach. While this piece contains the same number of modular units as the Houston painting (indeed, all the works in this series are divided into 16x16=256 modules), the units are distributed differently. From one canvas to the next, not only does Mondrian incorporate more planes, but he increases the number of similar quadrangles while reducing the number of unique rectangles. The Houston painting, for example, contains 15 different types of rectangle over 66 rectangles (5 of which are unique); Continuing through to the five subsequent paintings (all square, including four so-called lozenge ones, or tableaux losangiques as Mondrian himself nicknamed them), this trend would culminate in the last two modular canvases by Mondrian just before his final departure to Paris in 1919: in these final two works (Composition with Grid 8 and Composition with Grid 9, better known as Composition in Checkerboard with Dark Colors and Composition with Checkerboard with Light Colors), all of the colored planes are identical in size as they only consist of one module each (although adjacent planes are sometimes in the same color, thus creating various sub-configurations).
It is in part this general trend towards greater regularity within this series of modular paintings that allows us to place Composition with Grid 2 after the Houston painting, although the exact date is not known. The "PM 15" inscription written by Mondrian's own hand was added while the artist was preparing for a retrospective exhibition of his work in New York in 1942, when the painter, well-known for his uncompromising honesty, mistakenly backdated several works from his Cubist period or his first forays into abstraction. The "PM 18" inscription that appears on the Houston version, by contrast, does indeed originate from the time it was created. Most likely acquired by its first owner before Mondrian left for Paris, this painting remained in Holland where Mondrian would never set foot again, until it was bought by an American collector during the post-war period. Nonetheless, although we can say with near certainty that Mondrian painted Composition with Grid 2 after the work in Houston, there remain some doubts as to its logical, if not chronological, place in the modular series. If we compare the work to the "lozenge" paintings, which, according to Joop Joosten's timeline in the catalogue of Mondrian's work, were produced immediately afterwards, one cannot help but be struck by the greater resemblance it bears to Composition with Grid 5 (fig. 3) than to the two preceding canvases
The final enigma surrounding Composition with Grid 2 relates to a photograph, dated 1919 on the reverse, which shows the painting in an earlier state (fig. 5). Not only does it appear to be unsigned but the work featured several lines in the accentuated grid which were subsequently erased. Furthermore, in a photograph of Mondrian's studio dating from 1926, in which the lower portion of the painting is visible, the work is actually hung in a different orientation (upside down) from that of its final, signed state, a remarkable move for a painter like Mondrian. One can get lost in conjecture trying to understand what prompted Mondrian to turn his painting upside down (the modular division of the painting probably reduced the impact of the alteration, whose application would be unthinkable for any neo-plastic canvas, i.e. works produced after 1920). On the other hand, it is clear that the taut lines which were later removed generated a number of symmetries that the painter had not perhaps noticed initially, these being less obvious when the painting was originally hung with a different orientation. Contrary to Joosten's suggestion, I do not think that this correction (erasure of several marked lines) was made at the same time that Mondrian signed the painting
In fact, the correction, albeit minimal, does not fall in line with the progression towards ever greater regularity that, as mentioned above, characterised the series of modular paintings by Mondrian (the deletion of a line resulted in the expansion of a rectangle from six to eight modular units, formed by the juxtaposition of two vertical columns of modules -- the only one of its type in the painting -- while the photograph taken in 1919 shows this area with two rectangles, one vertical and made up of six units, the other horizontal with two units, two configurations that appear throughout the painting). But although the correction might seem a first like a step backwards, it could actually be indicative of a tentative step towards the next series, to which Composition I (lot 44), 1920, belongs and during which Mondrian would gradually eliminate any dependence on modular regularity.
What motivated this complete change of direction? Was not the modular grid particularly effective, as many artist were to discover throughout the 20
A comparison between this work and a painting from earlier on in the series provides a clear picture of Mondrian's artistic evolution at this time. Composition C, 1920, at the Museum of Modern Art in New York (fig. 6), is partially governed by a regular grid, but where the modular paintings from 1918-19 exhibit perfect congruity between the modular grid and the picture's format, we see a break here as the area dominated by the module is centered, bordered by narrow rectangles that do not fall under its control. Here, these long rectangles serve as a deregulatory force (while, in a modular canvas, the edges of the painting provide the strongest manifestation of the modular rule, given that the module is itself founded on the format, and therefore the boundaries, of the painting). In the Museum of Modern Art painting, the central grid is composed of nine squares which vary either in color or in the way they are joined or divided. Note that the lower and upper edges of one of the square modules, located in the top left-hand corner, are not marked out but implied. While this could be taken to mean that the force of the module is now so strong that it no longer needs to be delineated, it actually signifies the opposite: that the module's generative role is coming to an end.
In fact, in Composition I, the module has all but disappeared. This painting also features an internal grid, one that is less distinct than the version in the Museum of Modern Art in that the rectangles to the left and right of this internal grid do not differ greatly from those within the grid itself, in contrast to the rectangles stretching horizontally above and below the painting. Within this internal grid, only two horizontal rows of rectangles measure the same height (second row from the top and from the bottom). Moreover, the yellow rectangle in the higher of these two rows is divided into two unequal parts by a line that links it to the adjacent rectangles, also colored in yellow, the whole of which forms a larger rectangle subdivided into five sections. Note that none of the lines in the painting extends fully from one edge to the other, which helps to weaken the rigidity of the linear network while accentuating the vibrancy of the colors used.
The increased emphasis on color was not a coincidence -- it goes hand in hand with the emancipation of the modular form. While painting another work in the same series (Composition III, 1920; Joosten, no. B110), Mondrian received a visit from the painter Léopold Survage who was unconvinced that the painting achieved perfect balance. According to Survage, as Mondrian wrote in a letter to van Doesburg detailing their conversation, "the yellow was not harmonious against the red, etc. And the two small blues at the top had no counterpart in blue plane at the bottom (I tend to think that this, among other things, makes it so off-centered). I then said that we were looking for another harmony... I then saw that a well-balanced proportion does not always require harmonizing colors, and have taken care to write down some things about that"
In the subsequent three years, a period of exceptional productivity for a man who worked with such slow precision, Mondrian executed around forty paintings, approximately one fifth of his total output between this period and his death in 1944. Most of these paintings are underpinned by a number of common rules. For example, no two colored planes should be placed side-by-side and must always be separated by at least one plane of "non-color", to quote the term used by Mondrian, namely black, grey or white. Another rule is that colored planes must always be located on the periphery of the painting. We should also note that most of these paintings employ three basic compositional schemas. In the first schema, the whole composition is based around a square or almost square which the artist attempts to decenter by destroying its identity as a a strong form, as a Gestalt. This schema was adopted in the inaugural painting of 1920 mentioned above, from the Stedelijk Museum (fig. 7), but the best prototype, from which Mondrian would develop several variations, is the Composition with Red, Blue, Black, Yellow and Gray, 1921, in the Gemeente Museum, the Hague; fig. 8). In the second schema, one of the colored planes is much wider than the others and therefore, strictly speaking, no longer on the periphery despite being bounded like the other planes by one edge of the painting (or two when placed in a corner position, such as in Tableau I, 1921 in the Museum Ludwig, Cologne; fig. 9). In the third schema, the composition is organised around two lines -- one horizontal and one vertical -- that cross near the middle and extend to the edges of the painting (when he adopted this schema, Mondrian broke away from the peripheral rule, as in Tableau I, with Red, Black, Blue and Yellow, 1921, in Gemeente Museum, The Hague (fig. 10), perhaps driven by the need to adjoin at least one colored plane to the cross so as to counterbalance it and prevent it from forming a stable figure or to be read as a symbol, which he feared above all else).
What is extraordinary about Composition with Blue, Red, Yellow and Black (lot 42), 1922, then is that it does not belong to any of these subgroups. It was as if Mondrian, after exploring the full potentiality of these three compositional schemas with such apparent jubilation, suddenly decided to throw the rules overboard. Nothing in this work hints at the carefully calculated equilibrium of the other paintings from this period. Other exceptions do exist of course, such as Composition with Blue, Yellow, Black and Red, 1922, in the Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart (fig. 11), and Composition with Yellow, Blue, and Blue-White, 1922, from the Menil Collection in Houston (Joosten, no. B143); however, none of them demonstrate the same audacity as the current work in the Saint Laurent-Bergé collection. The top-heavy arrangement of the composition, the fact that the vertical divisions at the top and bottom of the painting do not correspond to one another and thus create a kind of virtual oblique line, the awkward black line along the right edge of the painting delineating the yellow rectangle, the equally strange thin white band adjoining the red band along the top edge of the painting, and finally the large white rectangle, which is not centrifugal despite opening out to the left: everything about this painting is likely to disconcert anyone familiar with the masterpieces in compositional balance that represent the majority of Mondrian's neo-plastic endeavours before the advent of the double line in 1932 and the radical transformation that ensued. There is something almost Baroque in the virtuosity displayed by Mondrian in this canvas, a work in front of which Van Doesburg could never have written, as he did in his diary after his rupture with his friend and mentor, that neo-plastic paintings were as classical as those of Poussin
Once completed, the painting was immediately acquired by Mrs. Kröller-Müller (she bought it unseen, having asked a friend of Mondrian passing through Paris to bring her back a recent canvas of his to Holland). One may well wonder how things might have developed if the painting had remained in the possession of its creator to be contemplated at leisure. I would venture that the revolution that transformed his pictorial philosophy in the 1930s would have happened much earlier.
Notes (English):