細節
朱銘
太極 — 對招
木雕 雕塑 (共兩件)
1990及1993年作
簽名:朱銘
來源:
亞洲 私人收藏
出版:
《朱銘雕刻》陶藝後援會/後援會畫廊 台北 台灣 (圖版為《十字手》,無頁數)

在1970年代以來,朱銘另闢更廣闊的藝術領域,創作更寫意、大幅度、重傳神的雕刻系列。又因學習太極拳,對中國傳統哲學內涵及養生哲學有更深的認識,遂以太極雕刻表現「陰陽」、「造形」、「連貫的氣」、「整體一元」等中國文化精神的底蘊,所以《太極》系列也可以說是藝術家對文化思想、中國精神的一種提煉、表現和沉思。「太極」一詞來自《周易‧繫辭》。孔子曰:「《易》始於太極,太極分而為二,故生天地,天地有春、夏、秋、冬之節,故生四時,四時各有陰陽剛柔之分,故生八卦,八卦成列,天地之倒立,雷風水火山澤之象定也」。「太極」描述天地未分以前的狀態,被認為是萬物的本源,拳勢開始時,則由無極而太極,由渾元一氣而分陰陽,化四象,生八卦,定五行,身手步相合一致,輕鬆慢勻,動靜開合,圓而無端,運行無跡,如太極陰陽循環不息。

朱銘的太極系列奠定了他在亞洲藝壇的地位,標誌了朱銘徹底脫離題材的說明性和具象束縛,進入一種純粹形式的精神性與造形性,是朱銘現代雕塑的真正建立與完熟,此次夜拍的三件作品便提供了由具象到半具象風格的演進脈絡,讓我們得以一窺藝術家的思考歷程。《太極-金雞獨立》(Lot 1024)完整地體現出朱銘具速度感、大寫意、渾然忘我的雕刻風格。作品外形簡潔,但又具壯麗感,齊腰一道矚目的大刀痕,十分形象地表現踢腿的氣勢和速度感。藝術家以簡潔的雕鑿痕跡形塑出深具量感的塊面,細部的刀工則表現出蓄勢待發的動作狀態,明確地揭示了太極講究在手、眼、身、法、步間抱元守一,以慢打快,以靜制動,因而在雕塑上呈現一種平衝和拉鋸,一種似前又後、既收且放的內蘊動能。在這種以「速度」、「直覺」創作理念指導下,雕刻操作過程能擺脫理性思維,展現一種時刻在進行的動勢和創作直覺。朱銘也因此把雕刻的劈砍剝裂操作提升到如文人書畫的大寫意層次和氣韻,肯定了雕刻藝術不單單只是匠法,還一如書畫那樣,能表達深厚的藝術意義和中國文化底蘊。

在1990年代初期的《太極-對招》(Lot 1023)中,不僅藉兩個單一個體本身表現雕塑的力度與造型,更以對招的形式強調出兩相對應的平衡關係。英國牛津大學教授美術史家蘇利文(Michael Sullivan)認為﹕「太極同時也是一種儀式性的格鬥形式,兩個形體互相對峙。在太極對招中,藉由參與者的移動,得以勝過自己。如《孫子兵法》中所說﹕『知己知彼,百戰百勝』」。踢腿一方面展現了撼動天地的霸氣,十字手又以含蓄內斂的動作化解,相對應的招式引導著觀眾的視線回返往復,同時也在無形中營造出「氣」的流動,在一攻一守、一進一退之間,二者互為對方存在的前提,蘊含了太極陰陽互濟的本質,在互補相融中組成了一個有機的拳學整體,朱銘的太極作品,不是死實的把太極招式表現出來,他是熟習了招式,理解招式之間的演變動勢,潛藏動能,然後把這種隱藏的力量、無窮的變化展現出來,朱銘雖保留了中國武術的形與意,但在藝術創作中追求了更為深刻的道家哲學思想。

《太極拳》(Lot 1025)更將太極中兩人對招、推手的形體抽象化,原本獨立的形體、對招的形式與空間的對應關係,已經過藝術家的再次轉化,在相連的造型中隱含著力量的連續性,可說朱銘已經不執著於眼前所看到的事物,從而脫離了招式與身法的限制,顯示出強烈的現代性抽象語言特質,如他所說的:「現在,我讓雙手連接起來,一連接,氣的流動、肌肉的牽動,就相互貫通、活絡,合為一體。」至此朱銘已排除了重現拳術身法的企圖,在造型與物象的掌握上「無法為有法」,直接回溯最根本的身體行為,以藝術家對中國文化與太極拳法的融會貫通作為創作的立足點,因而在《太極拳》剛柔相濟的線條、均衡但不對稱的形體中,「蓄勁如開弓,發勁如放箭」,表現出動能迸發的一瞬間。

來源
Private Collection, Asia
出版
Council for the Support of the Ceramic Arts/Backup Support Council Gallery, Ju Ming Sculptures, Taipei, Taiwan ( Preparation For Underarm Strike illustrated, unpaged).

榮譽呈獻

Eric Chang
Eric Chang

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拍品專文

Ju Ming, since the seventies, opened up a much broader artistic realm and created a series of more expressive, massive and spirit-oriented works, facilitated by his practice of Taichi and a deeper understanding of Chinese traditional philosophical meanings and philosophy of health preservation. His Taichi sculptures expresses the essence of Chinese cultural spirit such as like "yin yang (positive and negative forces)", "zaoxing (form)", "zhen ti yi yuan (union)". Hence, Taichi series can said to represent the artist's refined expression and careful contemplation of Chinese cultural thinking and spirit. The word Taichi was most initially found in Zhouyi Xici. As what the Confucius has said, "Yi is originated from Taichi. Taichi is divided into two, and therefore the sky and the earth is born. Then followed with the four seasons of the spring, summer, autumn and winter. Eight Trigrams are then generated to become the basic principles of all the creation and settle the natural phenomena in the world." Taichi describes the state of the universe before separation, is regarded as the origin of all the species. When a set of boxing starts, Wuchi (limitless) is turned to Taichi, dividing a union to Yin and Yang, becoming Four Phenomena, producing Eight Trigrams, settling Five Elements, and ultimately achieving a unanimous, relaxed and even bodily movement that seems like the non-stoppable circulation of Taichi and Yin Yang without any recognizable prints and traces.

The Taichi series by Ju Ming consists of important creations which have solidified Ju Ming's status in the Asian art community. This series exemplifies Ju's departure from set themes and restrictions set by specific materials to enter a style of pure spiritualism that marks and establishes the maturity of his modern sculptures. The three pieces of work in this night auction allow us to understand the artist's stream of thinking by providing traits of evolution from representational to semi-representational. Comprising a sense of speed, bold expression and selflessness, Taichi Series-Golden Rooster Standing (Lot 1024), Ju's signature sculptural style is revealed; the work has a clean form but is magnificent. At waist height is an astonishingly large cutting mark that vividly models the energy and sense of speed of a side kick from the leg. The artist has made use of clean and precise sculptural cuttings to mold voluminous surface area, while the moment ready to move is described by detailed carves. It obviously shows the unified motion between the hands, eyes, body, Fa (ways) and Bu (steps) that Taichi has specially stressed on, as well as using slow motion to combat the fast, and station to control action. A manner of balance and tension emerges; a seemingly intrinsic momentum of repose and restrain is carried back and forth. Armed with the concept of "speed" and "intuition", Ju's sculpture shows a removal from rational thinking, exhibiting a constant movement of creative intuition. Hence, Ju has escalated sculptural chopping, hacking, peeling and splitting to the levels and sentiments of the more expressive form found in literati's calligraphy and painting. He asserted that sculptural art is not merely craftsmanship but also, like calligraphy and painting, is adeptly capable of conveying profoundly artistic values and the essence of Chinese culture.

The Taichi Series-Sparring (Lot 1023) in early nineties not only showed the intension of the artist in expressing the strength and form of a sculpture with two individual objects, but also his stress on the balanced relationship between them when they fight. Michael Sullivan, an art historian and professor of Oxford University, has claimed "Taichi is a ceremonial form of fighting when two figures are involved against each other. During the fights, the movement of the opponent is observed and based on that, the fighter can achieve the fine goal of winning oneself". It is like what Sun zi has said in The Art of War "knowing oneself, one knows others; hundred wars hundred win". For the sculpture, though kicking has expressed a tremendous force the crossed hands counter-act and dissolved the move subtly, thus leading the spectators' eyes back and forth. Not explicitly Ju visualised the circulation of Qi (air) at the same time. In between possession and defense, forward and backward, as well as the co-existence of two major components, Yinyang, the very nature of Taichi, has been found. That it creates an organic unit of boxing arts through the principle of complementation and integration. Mastering the overall conception of form, Ju presents the sculpture in a side kick movement. With a few extremely clean marks of chopping, hacking, peeling and splitting of the upper body, he emphatically expresses a sense of movement, well-preparedness and weight. Despite Ju has kept the form and spirit of Chinese martial arts, he actually had a deeper philosophical pursuit of Daoism in his art creation.

In Taichi Series-Boxing (Lot 1025), two people are involved in practicing and pushing hands. The initially independent forms and the corresponding relationship between the moves and spaces have been abstractedly transformed again in the hands of the artist. Of a series of linking forms continuity of forces has been implied. Not to insist upon what he saw, Ju is said to break from the constraints of the moves and steps, and his works have strongly embodied qualities of modern abstraction. As he said "at the moment when I join my hands the Qi (air) flows, and muscle pulls. They connect and vein through the whole body that are finally unified as one." Till now Ju Ming has got no intention to represent the moves and steps of the boxing art. Instead, he prefers "no ways as having ways" on describing the forms of an object, directly referring to the basic body movement. Rooting on the combination of Chinese culture and Taichi boxing arts, Ju's Taichi Series-Boxing have incorporated strong and soft lines, balanced the imbalance forms, and at a particular moment expressed the force like "retaining strength on the arrow and shooting powerfully".

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